Skyscape
Seyed-Amir
Mansouri
استادیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
3
3
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6312_8a7cf976f0585afb9391c31d67de7fac.pdf
Persian Garden on the Basis of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Ahmad Ali
Farzin
Ph.D. in Architecture, Assistant professor, University of Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2014
per
In many stories of Shahnameh, a garden and a porch of the palace and the city is mostly mentioned which have undergone multiple changes in their shape during thousand years of time. They have also distanced from their premier content and meanings due to multiple causes and factors that are not in the scope of this article, or they have maintained some details while functional and conceptual meanings have been faded. However, the signs of their early effects have still remained owing to some reports of Iran ancient history and Iranian literature that can reveal a perceivable face of the city or the garden in Iran in their early years of emersion. In this essay with a reference to some proves of this kind, the issue will be clarified. One of the original Iranian resources in which the premier shape of garden can be perceived is the words anecdote in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Although a part of event with all the details are mentioned in this writing and the reader ultimately finds himself within the battlefield, many times a long period of time has been concealed and the scholars have to reveal their mysteries since Ferdowsi is clear in uttering. Having scrutinized the Shahnameh, it is obvious that a barrier could keep other buildings such as gardens safe from enemies. It is a type of wall that surrounded gardens and today it is considered one of garden elements and one of city elements earlier. In the two stories of Gang Dej and Siavash Gard, considering Ferdowsi’s narrations, it is clear that these two places which have been constructed by Siavash were gardens where water flowed and other buildings such as bathroom, palace and quarters and squares were included in this castle. It was named a garden city due to prevailing garden features in the city. Moreover, through the descriptions of Ferdowsi, mentioned urban are elements of Persian gardens which refer to and gardening style. All the evidences indicate that the city can be described as the equivalent of Garden City or Persian Garden in the Shahnameh.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
8
13
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6311_4631b2509735b27bc0c866460e33a1eb.pdf
A New Approach to Revive the Landfills
Seyed-Amir
Mansouri
استادیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
author
Nafise
Seyede
M.A in Landscape Architecture, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
Industrial age has its own culture of consumerism which ends with the completion of human life on earth. The modern human constantly consumes goods and spaces and throws them away which makes them faces undesirable consequences including landfill sites. The result of this confrontation is the man's effort to revive such obsolete sites that are parts of the cities. The common solution to hide the waste disposal sites without restoring them is not acceptable. Reclamation of these sites, dealing with them and providing solutions to reduce the environmental and visual pollution imposed on cities has been noticed extremely in recent decades. Studying the concept of "upcycling" as a new concept in the field of of consumerism and environment both identifies the characteristics of landfill sites and scrutinizes landscape architecture's approach to deal with this phenomenon and introduces a model which is appropriate to the nature and its context. The concept of upcycle, which means the process of converting waste materials or useless products into new materials or products of better quality for better environmental value, considers the art as a factor which increases the quality of wasted goods and spaces. Landscape architecture as a discipline and by its relation with different kinds of arts has a new approach to revive such sites. The Land art and the art of upcycle are introduced to revive Landfills in both small-scale and large-scale. The results of this research indicate that revival of these sites with landscape approach considers the environmental aspects and also emphasizes on mental aspects and highlights the conceptual features that informs the audience about environmental crisis by using the art techniques, and finally introduce stable, safe, economical and practical solutions.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
14
19
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6313_5e193d49632bf9105368568818a682dd.pdf
The Role of Non-visual Sense in the Quality of Pedestrian Space
Mostafa
Gholipour Gashniani
Ph.D Candidate in Architecture, Science and Technology University, Faculty member of University of Mazandran, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
Nowadays, one of the major concerns of architects and urban designers is the revival of pedestrian life in cities which has been eliminated due to dominant focuses on motorists. Fundamental principles of urban space organization are based on the citizen needs. Since different sense level of each group (pedestrians and motorists) are involved, the exploration and explanation of the factors that affect the perception of each groups, would be essential. Since the most significant sense is the sense of sight, non-visual senses are neglected by designers. As the pedestrians walk with a range of active senses (tactile, auditory, olfactory and visual) considering the extent to which extent the city space is tangible or audible seems to be necessary. By attendance of the citizens in the city space, the urban scale changes and spaces are enclosed within. So this close interaction provides a favorable context for the appearance of other senses. By recognizing non-visual qualities which are important in urban spaces and utilizing them in appropriate ways, the vitality and liveliness among pedestrians will eventually be promoted. Therefore, engaging all the senses in perception of a space can lead to the improvement of sense of place. This article tries to consider the differences between the perception of pedestrians and motorists via their environment regarding the key role of non-visual senses on perception of citizens and it also tries to express some strategies to stimulate all senses of pedestrians in public urban spaces.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
20
25
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6314_35370b239bc14f1df3682097c22b0627.pdf
Nima’s dramatic expression of landscape concept
Mohammad
Jamshidian
M.A in Landscape Architecture, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
Hamed
Shakouri
M.A in Dramatic Literature, Soureh University, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
The signification of landscape as a concrete and conceptual fact has objective and subjective figures to define the relation of man and the environment. This signification as a very important concept from the pastexists in the culture and language of Iran. Frequent appearances of the word “Manzar” in Persian literature with a large width of meanings that can change it to active signification is an evidence to confirm its importance and antiquity of in Persian culture and civilization. In ancient Persian literature the concept of landscape is mostly seen in the meaning of objective figure. In objective figure see the observer looks at the environment as it is the result of his distinction explanatory and selectivity among the environmental objects visible in a scene. In the contemporary age “Nima” rose and suggested a new pattern in literature I a way that his opinion and function can form a pivot in evolution of the landscape in Persian literature. Nima created a new look to the nature in the culture of Iran with suggestion of the dramatic expression against the narrative expression. In this view, the direct description and comment of environment was replaced with reciprocal association and reciprocal conversation between the poet and the environment. In Nima’s opinion the “poet” isn't only the narrator of nature but is in the mood of dialogue with it. Changing in the point of view is a very important subject in Nimayi poems. The subjective meaning of landscape is formed in the contemporary literature since the environment is both observer and aim and seeing and describing is as to be seen and to be described.
“Landscape” as a concept that have special instance in the language have a long attendance in Persian literature, an attendance that is an evidence in comprehension of this concept in the Iranian thought. The association of Iranian man with the nature and the way it has been associated in the foundations of Iranian civilization, makes the concept of “manzar” an evidence of that relation. Words like “manzareh”, “monazereh” , “nazargah” and other word like them are derived from the base of “nazar” and the concepts estimated from them demonstrates the point that Iranian mind have an active and relative definition from that word. We can find this activation in the two-sided function of that word. “Landscape” in Persian literature has three meanings.
With that rich and impressive attendance of “landscape” concept in the
Persian culture, art and literature we can assume that concept _ with the up-to-date definition in the scientific circles _ is the pivotal base in Iranian literature, that is the dramatic expression in Nimayi poem. Dramatic literature permits the modern literature to make the concept of “landscape” in both two faces of objective and subjective.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
26
31
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6315_34182d87b8c0726dd7b710c9dc86e925.pdf
Searching for Persian Architecture in India
Lecturer: Mahdi
Khajehpiri
author
Mahdieh
Khajehpiri
-
author
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
32
33
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6316_f6a6b6d73880bcd962cef758499863d9.pdf
Historic City: The Cultural, Historical and Natural Structures
Lecturer: Naser
Mashhadizadeh
author
Report: Reyhaneh
Motallebi
-
author
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
34
35
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6317_9723e6f7156ae2b18912c4495a125186.pdf
Translation of the Garden of Eden, a research in Iranian gardens and Mughal gardens of India
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
36
37
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6318_302eca362ef09adbad95d566a1c6ca1e.pdf
Specified issue in “renovation, identity, quality”
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
38
38
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6319_9dc0c68815e05ebc53a01556ffcd6e93.pdf
Assessment of Urban Texture Demolition and Renewal Process
Reza
Kheyroddin
Ph.D in urbanism, Assistant Professor, Science and Technology University, Iran.
author
Keyvan
Golriz
B.A in Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Zanjan, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
In the gradual evolution process of the cities, buildings as the components of urban textures undergo multiple changes including repairing and regeneration or demolition and renewal. Subsequently, the textures will go through changes in terms of their physical configuration and contents and their identity will be either consolidated or redefined. The interference of exogenous and irrational variables in the evolution process would throw off the sustainable trajectory of changes and result in a spatial product which has no sensible relation to the necessities, requirements or logical order of changes. The widespread and speculative process of demolition and renewal of buildings in Tehran which consequently has resulted in a loss of identity in the urban textures, is an example of such spatial evolutions which calls for a precise study of the dimensions and reasons contributing to this phenomenon. This article reviews two main dimensions of this spatial process in the city of Tehran in the 90s and the 2000s. Firstly the significant number of demolitions and renewals in Tehran and its economic and financial forces are analyzed in a macro scale. In other words this question is queried that the abundance of production of physical space is relying on what incomes or financial revenues produced in the city of Tehran? In this regard the relation between the national oil revenue and the fluctuations in the scale of constructions is pointed out. Moreover, the effects of urban governance decisions on intensifying or balancing the widespread process of demolition and renewal will be analyzed, through questioning whether the urban governance takes an active or passive stance toward this process. Reviewing these two dimensions and considering the characteristics of this speculative trend demonstrates that the demolition and renewal of buildings and construction of new ones has a direct relation with the fluctuations in oil prices. Furthermore the textures resulted from this ongoing process not only do not possess a new characteristic or identity but also have lost the identity they had carried through time. Neglecting the identification of the causes and roots of this speculative process will result in dissipation of national capital along with a reduction in the quality of spaces both in terms of physical dimensions and identity.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
39
43
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6320_938089f1786753fa1483bd58222109e3.pdf
Experiences of Contemporary Renovation from the perspective of Urban Identity
Mahmoud
Teymouri
Ph.D Candidate in Architecture, University of Paris1, France.
author
text
article
2014
per
Identity and security are fundamental requirements of human, which are expected to be fulfilled to reach favorable human habitation noticed in any process of urban renewal. In order to identify how one can reach to these goals in renovation process, this paper first introduces the abstracted concept of urban identity, in which historical continuity and dependence to human mind are two important aspects and have implications in fundamental, psychological (emotional) and cognitive aspect. Moreover, the effects of identity to develop environmental security and to establish relationship between the two, with accomplished social studies, will be examined. According to these studies, local identity is an appropriate agent for developing affinity and place attachment, commitment and participation of people. Through these three elements, a sense of control and social supervision can be evaluated and people’s tendency to abnormal behaviors in quarter will be prevented. Therefore, there will be negative tendency for abnormalities in quarters with stronger local identity, social supervision and subsequent security. In third section inside a brief analysis of physical-center (modernistic) renewal viewpoint, which had been dominant in renewal for years; two projects of Pruitt-Igor of St. Louis and Navab of Tehran, as two typical cases will be examined with two criteria of identity and security. In addition the process of development of insecure and crime- arise space in these places will be analyzed. This analysis suggests that ignoring existing historical, social and cultural contexts in modernistic renewal can lead to creation of an unidentifiable, abstract and uniform space. This home-like space makes no dependence on its habitants and reduces tendency for participation and controls people and their immigration which may lead to a changing in population composition. These two factors affect insecurity and crime arousal in residential districts. Finally some points about the role of urban identity in making renovation plan and reaching environment security will be suggested, as consequents. Urban renewal not only created by renovation of building and streets, but also its requisite is paying attention to apparent and hidden collection of intrinsic qualities of urban living such as identity, which is outcome of interaction between bodily, actual and meaningful aspects across the time. In modernistic renewal approach, mere physical regarding and ignoring local identity and its social- cultural aspects has made new quarters with no favorable identity, despite physical qualities such as resistance, regular face and new welfare facilities. Weakness of local identity in these developed quarters makes a vicious cycle in which leads to inconsistency in social composition and decreases the quality of living with commitment participation and responsibility s well as environmental insecurity. Identity has a fundamental role and function in enhancing the quality of habitation and can increase participation, commitment and control as well as affecting the security of environment by arousing a sense of place attachment. Therefore, identity can be regarded as a functional objective in the process of renovation in order to create favorable residential condition and security.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
44
49
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6321_fa98524ae353c148a82c56709131cad2.pdf
Experience of constituting residential facade in district 17 of Tehran
Arash
Zahedan
M.A in Architecture, Nazar Research consulting Engineers, Iran.
author
Mona
Masoud Lavasani
M.A in Landscape
Architecture, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
Today, "city identity" problem (city identity crisis) is one of the fundamental issues in Iranian cities, often in developing countries. Iranian cities are expanded, however, their appearance is unreadable, lacking city identity and generating all kinds of crises. City with no identity loses its power to leading “citizens' public unconscious". Facades as one of the components in city landscape and urban landscape include symbols and identifying signs that are affected by factors such as climate, culture, history, economy and etc. In recent years, constitution of facade design's terms and holding design competitions has been occurred to revive the identity of Islamic- Iranian architecture actions such as modeling in time-worn textures, leading to the acceptance of common shares of public and private areas on facades. However, disproportionate use of these two areas on different facades continues to cause a chaotic perspective view of the city. For instance, during renovation of worn-out textures, under the pretext of facilitating the renovation due to residents’ weak economy, municipality has failed in its duty to defend the public's right. In spite of enhancement in safety and interior spaces quality in renovation process, vulnerability will occur: “identity-less and place-less“, in the absence of regulations and by Architects’ neglect and overcoming economic aspects. This article studies the pathology of new building facades and reminds the necessity of the presence of professionals and the need to improve the role of public area for leading identity of facades, by using the experience of renovation of worn out textures in district 17 Tehran. NAZAR RESEARCH CENTER CONSULTING ENGINEERS during years 2013 and 2014 has emphasized on the forgotten rights through the renovation policies of the municipality by using observing and study library data collection method. One of the key policies of the renovation organization is to increase public participation. Entrust the renovation to public sector makes it dynamic and sustainable. Nevertheless in the absence of experts, necessary public training and efficient rules, such urban textures will reflect cultural and identity problems of its residence. There is a direct connection between “townscape and city landscape” and “the life style and knowledge of its citizens”. But the cases in which unresponsive appearances of dilemmas and Social vulnerabilities intensify these problems and lead to new crises, the public sector and experts’ contribution is to be intensified. This can be achieved through constituting clear and efficient rules even simple, specialized trainings to designers and public education.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
50
55
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6322_9fbd13848f2fed5ae80d6812c3723ee9.pdf
The Role of Urban Space in Strengthening the Identity of Deteriorated Urban Space
Simon
Bell
OPENSpace research centre, Edinburgh College of Art
author
Omid
Rismanchian
Ph.D in urban landscape, University of Edinburgh
author
text
article
2014
per
The Tehran City Revitalization Organization (TCRO) has conducted comprehensive studies on the deprived areas and divided their problems into several categories such as spatial, social, environmental, and economic problems. The TCRO believes that although the problems of the deprived areas in Tehran have been categorized, they are strongly interrelated and should be studied in relate to each other. In spited of the efforts the TCRO puts to show that the approach toward the deprived areas is changed, it can be seen that in fact it has not been changed dramatically in practice. In this regard, the policy of thoroughfares widening is highly sponsored as the first priority in taking an action in regenerating the deprived areas. In this article the role of public open spaces in facilitating the socio-economic relations in people’s daily life and identifying their identity is highlighted. First, definitions, expectations, and classifications of public open spaces are presented. At the next step different types of public spaces within the integrated public open space system is presented. Then a discussion is brought in regard to the relationship between the potential role of public open spaces and preserving the social identity in the city of Tehran. Moreover, different activities in public open spaces are highlighted in three main classes including social activities, optional activities and necessary activities, according to Jan Gehl’s point of view and the relationship between these activities and the quality of public open spaces is discussed. Also the life style of Iranian people in public open spaces is pointed out to show how streets and public open spaces can support this life style and enrich the social identity. Then the importance of city streets in this regard is presented since streets are the main public open spaces can be found in the deprived areas of Tehran and is the focus of the TCRO action plans. It is said that in order to enhance the social identity, streets and thoroughfares should be classified in two different classes with two different expectations. It is also discussed that in the regeneration plans of the deprived areas the streets should integrate social activities, and assembles different urban land uses rather that segregate them. Finally it is highlighted that if the TCRO does not change its approach towards public open spaces, especially the streets, and fail to see them beyond thoroughfares, the public open spaces and its function will vanish as well as our social identity. Also in the conclusion several strategies are presented as the contribution of the article to the existing literature.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
56
61
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6323_01b315118a2bbe48543e942c3badbaa7.pdf
Lacan’s View on the Process of Giving Identity
Mahmoud
Ghalenoee
Ph.D in Urbanism, Assistant Professor, Art University of Isfahan, Iran.
author
Sepide
Peymanfar
Ph.D Candidate in Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Iran
author
text
article
2014
per
In protection of cities and their cultural monuments, considering new requirements of citizens and preservation of their historical identity at the same time are desired and often seems contradictory. Responding to these seemingly contrasting approaches, which one regards to the present and future, and the other to the past, is very important. In this regard urban identity has at least two dimensions: the first one is the reality which is not seen, and the second one is the physical aspect of it. The renovation of the old fabrics should have a theoretical basis and framework, according to which, the physical aspects of identity along with the socio-cultural and hidden ones, should be taken in consideration at the same time, in order to preserve their identity. The authors believe that the solving the challenge between preservation of identity and urban renewal of old fabrics without consideration of process of giving identity and its layers of meaning is not possible. To achieve this framework, the theories of Jacques Lacan (1901-1981), French intellectual of the 20th century as psychoanalysis, theoretician, lecturer and one of the most influential have been considered. Lacan's insight into human desire, identity and belief sheds a new light on social studies. This paper has tried to demonstrate how low levels of place identity make the “literature of planning and design in global scale” and then in higher levels with richness of place identity the “language of planning and design” is formed. Finally in order to complete the process of urban renewal in historical fabrics considering the value of each product from physical, functional and meaning point of view, what aspect needs to change or has the potential and in what extend. To do so, the concept of renovation has been highlighted and its different aspects and dimensions have been explained. The fact that the “physical” and “functional” aspects were focused more than “meaning” was obvious in this part. Concerning the process of change through the time, due to the flexibility and evolving nature of “functional aspect” it has been subject of transformation more than physical aspect and especially meaning one. The theory of Lacan bridges between language, meaning and identity. He sees language as the system of difference which articulates identities. In a proposed model in two levels, the position of “signifiers” and “signified” is demonstrated. It has been tried to identify what is the place of “identity” in this regard and related to the task of urban planning and design. The sub-codes which give multiple meanings to this system could be taken in consideration in order to preserve different aspects of identity in urban renewal. This theory emphasizes on evaluative and changing nature of identity. In studying architecture and urban design two kinds of meaning could be identified: explicit and implicit. The explicit one is perceived by recipient more simply and easy because of the “one by one” relation between signified and signifier; but in implicit meaning the relation is not the same. In implicit one, receiving different meaning becomes possible and through this complicated relation “metaphor”, “symbol” and “sign” are arose.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
62
67
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6324_7028287870b021e83aa8db94f80a5c85.pdf
The Four components and Six Essential Pairs: A Framework for Neighborhood Revitalization
Atefe
Omidkhah
کارشناس ارشد بازسازی پس از سانحه، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
Sayma
Khajehei
کارشناس ارشد بازسازی پس از سانحه، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
text
article
2014
per
This “Policy & Planning Brief” introduces a framework that can be used to guide neighborhood revitalization efforts. Using the framework may help to ensure that internal and external stakeholders are considering both the physical and social needs of the neighborhood. Additionally, the framework should encourage communication between stakeholders, and implementation of revitalization strategies. What makes for a successful neighborhood revitalization effort? There are a number of potential answers to this question, such as an increase in population, a decrease in blight, an increase in home values, and fundamental social change (Dorius, 2011; Galster, Temkin, Walker, & Sawyer, 2004; Weber & Smith, 2003; Schill, Ellen, Schwartz, & Voicu, 2002). But perhaps the more challenging question is how to make revitalization happen. A number of strategies have been proposed including asset building (Green & Haines, 2012; Kretzmann & McKnight, 1993), place-making (Project for Public Spaces, 2013), and strategic or targeted reinvestment (Galster, Tatian, & Accordino, 2006). This “Policy & Planning Brief” proposes a new framework that can be used with existing strategies to organize and guide revitalization efforts. It consists of four components – physical, social, internal, and external – that interact with one another to help produce positive neighborhood change. Before discussing the framework itself, it is necessary to discuss the individual components first. There may be a concern that this framework is too general or simple to work. However, it is necessary to keep in mind that any framework for a best practice must be general enough to be adaptable to different places facing a similar set of conditions. In general, strategies for neighborhood renewal should be based on recognition that the maintenance of healthy neighborhoods requires a multifaceted approach that is flexible enough to take into account the specific needs of individual neighborhoods and their capacity to respond With this framework, places that are very different can follow the same approach – but adapt the strategies that fall under the six essential pairs accordingly.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
27
no.
2014
68
74
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_6325_f4c935795cfd585c369dd1d327241ebd.pdf